Struct alloc::rc::Rc

pub struct Rc<T: ?Sized> {
    ptr: NonNull<RcBox<T>>,
    phantom: PhantomData<RcBox<T>>,
}

A single-threaded reference-counting pointer. ‘Rc’ stands for ‘Reference Counted’.

See the module-level documentation for more details.

The inherent methods of Rc are all associated functions, which means that you have to call them as e.g., Rc::get_mut(&mut value) instead of value.get_mut(). This avoids conflicts with methods of the inner type T.

Fields

ptr: NonNull<RcBox<T>>

phantom: PhantomData<RcBox<T>>

Implementations

impl<T: ?Sized> Rc<T>

fn inner(&self) -> &RcBox<T>

unsafe fn from_inner(ptr: NonNull<RcBox<T>>) -> Self

unsafe fn from_ptr(ptr: *mut RcBox<T>) -> Self

impl<T> Rc<T>

pub fn new(value: T) -> Rc<T>

Constructs a new Rc<T>.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

pub fn new_cyclic<F>(data_fn: F) -> Rc<T>where F: FnOnce(&Weak<T>) -> T,

Constructs a new Rc<T> while giving you a Weak<T> to the allocation, to allow you to construct a T which holds a weak pointer to itself.

Generally, a structure circularly referencing itself, either directly or indirectly, should not hold a strong reference to itself to prevent a memory leak. Using this function, you get access to the weak pointer during the initialization of T, before the Rc<T> is created, such that you can clone and store it inside the T.

new_cyclic first allocates the managed allocation for the Rc<T>, then calls your closure, giving it a Weak<T> to this allocation, and only afterwards completes the construction of the Rc<T> by placing the T returned from your closure into the allocation.

Since the new Rc<T> is not fully-constructed until Rc<T>::new_cyclic returns, calling upgrade on the weak reference inside your closure will fail and result in a None value.

Panics

If data_fn panics, the panic is propagated to the caller, and the temporary Weak<T> is dropped normally.

Examples

use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};

struct Gadget {
    me: Weak<Gadget>,
}

impl Gadget {
    /// Construct a reference counted Gadget.
    fn new() -> Rc<Self> {
        // `me` is a `Weak<Gadget>` pointing at the new allocation of the
        // `Rc` we're constructing.
        Rc::new_cyclic(|me| {
            // Create the actual struct here.
            Gadget { me: me.clone() }
        })
    }

    /// Return a reference counted pointer to Self.
    fn me(&self) -> Rc<Self> {
        self.me.upgrade().unwrap()
    }
}

pub fn new_uninit() -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::new_uninit();

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let zero = Rc::<u32>::new_zeroed();
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

pub fn try_new(value: T) -> Result<Rc<T>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new Rc<T>, returning an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::try_new(5);

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, returning an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes, returning an error if the allocation fails

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let zero = Rc::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

pub fn pin(value: T) -> Pin<Rc<T>>

Constructs a new Pin<Rc<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then value will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

pub fn try_unwrap(this: Self) -> Result<T, Self>

Returns the inner value, if the Rc has exactly one strong reference.

Otherwise, an Err is returned with the same Rc that was passed in.

This will succeed even if there are outstanding weak references.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new(3);
assert_eq!(Rc::try_unwrap(x), Ok(3));

let x = Rc::new(4);
let _y = Rc::clone(&x);
assert_eq!(*Rc::try_unwrap(x).unwrap_err(), 4);

pub fn into_inner(this: Self) -> Option<T>

Returns the inner value, if the Rc has exactly one strong reference.

Otherwise, None is returned and the Rc is dropped.

This will succeed even if there are outstanding weak references.

If Rc::into_inner is called on every clone of this Rc, it is guaranteed that exactly one of the calls returns the inner value. This means in particular that the inner value is not dropped.

This is equivalent to Rc::try_unwrap(this).ok(). (Note that these are not equivalent for Arc, due to race conditions that do not apply to Rc.)

impl<T> Rc<[T]>

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

// Deferred initialization:
let data = Rc::get_mut(&mut values).unwrap();
data[0].write(1);
data[1].write(2);
data[2].write(3);

let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

impl<T> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Converts to Rc<T>.

Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::new_uninit();

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

impl<T> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<[T]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Converts to Rc<[T]>.

Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

// Deferred initialization:
let data = Rc::get_mut(&mut values).unwrap();
data[0].write(1);
data[1].write(2);
data[2].write(3);

let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

impl<T: ?Sized> Rc<T>

pub fn into_raw(this: Self) -> *const T

Consumes the Rc, returning the wrapped pointer.

To avoid a memory leak the pointer must be converted back to an Rc using Rc::from_raw.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let x_ptr = Rc::into_raw(x);
assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");

pub fn as_ptr(this: &Self) -> *const T

Provides a raw pointer to the data.

The counts are not affected in any way and the Rc is not consumed. The pointer is valid for as long there are strong counts in the Rc.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let y = Rc::clone(&x);
let x_ptr = Rc::as_ptr(&x);
assert_eq!(x_ptr, Rc::as_ptr(&y));
assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");

pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const T) -> Self

Constructs an Rc<T> from a raw pointer.

The raw pointer must have been previously returned by a call to Rc<U>::into_raw where U must have the same size and alignment as T. This is trivially true if U is T. Note that if U is not T but has the same size and alignment, this is basically like transmuting references of different types. See mem::transmute for more information on what restrictions apply in this case.

The user of from_raw has to make sure a specific value of T is only dropped once.

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory unsafety, even if the returned Rc<T> is never accessed.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let x_ptr = Rc::into_raw(x);

unsafe {
    // Convert back to an `Rc` to prevent leak.
    let x = Rc::from_raw(x_ptr);
    assert_eq!(&*x, "hello");

    // Further calls to `Rc::from_raw(x_ptr)` would be memory-unsafe.
}

// The memory was freed when `x` went out of scope above, so `x_ptr` is now dangling!

pub fn downgrade(this: &Self) -> Weak<T>

Creates a new Weak pointer to this allocation.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

let weak_five = Rc::downgrade(&five);

pub fn weak_count(this: &Self) -> usize

Gets the number of Weak pointers to this allocation.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let _weak_five = Rc::downgrade(&five);

assert_eq!(1, Rc::weak_count(&five));

pub fn strong_count(this: &Self) -> usize

Gets the number of strong (Rc) pointers to this allocation.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let _also_five = Rc::clone(&five);

assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));

pub unsafe fn increment_strong_count(ptr: *const T)

Increments the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, and the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) for the duration of this method.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count(ptr);

    let five = Rc::from_raw(ptr);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}

pub unsafe fn decrement_strong_count(ptr: *const T)

Decrements the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, and the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) when invoking this method. This method can be used to release the final Rc and backing storage, but should not be called after the final Rc has been released.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count(ptr);

    let five = Rc::from_raw(ptr);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
    Rc::decrement_strong_count(ptr);
    assert_eq!(1, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}

fn is_unique(this: &Self) -> bool

Returns true if there are no other Rc or Weak pointers to this allocation.

pub fn get_mut(this: &mut Self) -> Option<&mut T>

Returns a mutable reference into the given Rc, if there are no other Rc or Weak pointers to the same allocation.

Returns None otherwise, because it is not safe to mutate a shared value.

See also make_mut, which will clone the inner value when there are other Rc pointers.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut x = Rc::new(3);
*Rc::get_mut(&mut x).unwrap() = 4;
assert_eq!(*x, 4);

let _y = Rc::clone(&x);
assert!(Rc::get_mut(&mut x).is_none());

pub unsafe fn get_mut_unchecked(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (get_mut_unchecked #63292)

Returns a mutable reference into the given Rc, without any check.

See also get_mut, which is safe and does appropriate checks.

Safety

If any other Rc or Weak pointers to the same allocation exist, then they must not be dereferenced or have active borrows for the duration of the returned borrow, and their inner type must be exactly the same as the inner type of this Rc (including lifetimes). This is trivially the case if no such pointers exist, for example immediately after Rc::new.

Examples

#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut x = Rc::new(String::new());
unsafe {
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut x).push_str("foo")
}
assert_eq!(*x, "foo");

Other Rc pointers to the same allocation must be to the same type.

#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<str> = Rc::from("Hello, world!");
let mut y: Rc<[u8]> = x.clone().into();
unsafe {
    // this is Undefined Behavior, because x's inner type is str, not [u8]
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut y).fill(0xff); // 0xff is invalid in UTF-8
}
println!("{}", &*x); // Invalid UTF-8 in a str

Other Rc pointers to the same allocation must be to the exact same type, including lifetimes.

#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<&str> = Rc::new("Hello, world!");
{
    let s = String::from("Oh, no!");
    let mut y: Rc<&str> = x.clone().into();
    unsafe {
        // this is Undefined Behavior, because x's inner type
        // is &'long str, not &'short str
        *Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut y) = &s;
    }
}
println!("{}", &*x); // Use-after-free

pub fn ptr_eq(this: &Self, other: &Self) -> bool

Returns true if the two Rcs point to the same allocation in a vein similar to ptr::eq. This function ignores the metadata of dyn Trait pointers.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let same_five = Rc::clone(&five);
let other_five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(Rc::ptr_eq(&five, &same_five));
assert!(!Rc::ptr_eq(&five, &other_five));

impl<T: Clone> Rc<T>

pub fn make_mut(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T

Makes a mutable reference into the given Rc.

If there are other Rc pointers to the same allocation, then make_mut will clone the inner value to a new allocation to ensure unique ownership. This is also referred to as clone-on-write.

However, if there are no other Rc pointers to this allocation, but some Weak pointers, then the Weak pointers will be disassociated and the inner value will not be cloned.

See also get_mut, which will fail rather than cloning the inner value or disassociating Weak pointers.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut data = Rc::new(5);

*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
let mut other_data = Rc::clone(&data); // Won't clone inner data
*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Clones inner data
*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
*Rc::make_mut(&mut other_data) *= 2;   // Won't clone anything

// Now `data` and `other_data` point to different allocations.
assert_eq!(*data, 8);
assert_eq!(*other_data, 12);

Weak pointers will be disassociated:

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut data = Rc::new(75);
let weak = Rc::downgrade(&data);

assert!(75 == *data);
assert!(75 == *weak.upgrade().unwrap());

*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;

assert!(76 == *data);
assert!(weak.upgrade().is_none());

pub fn unwrap_or_clone(this: Self) -> T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (arc_unwrap_or_clone #93610)

If we have the only reference to T then unwrap it. Otherwise, clone T and return the clone.

Assuming rc_t is of type Rc<T>, this function is functionally equivalent to (*rc_t).clone(), but will avoid cloning the inner value where possible.

Examples

#![feature(arc_unwrap_or_clone)]
let inner = String::from("test");
let ptr = inner.as_ptr();

let rc = Rc::new(inner);
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc);
// The inner value was not cloned
assert!(ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));

let rc = Rc::new(inner);
let rc2 = rc.clone();
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc);
// Because there were 2 references, we had to clone the inner value.
assert!(!ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));
// `rc2` is the last reference, so when we unwrap it we get back
// the original `String`.
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc2);
assert!(ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));

impl Rc<dyn Any>

pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Rc<T>, Rc<dyn Any>>

Attempt to downcast the Rc<dyn Any> to a concrete type.

Examples

use std::any::Any;
use std::rc::Rc;

fn print_if_string(value: Rc<dyn Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Rc::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Rc::new(0i8));

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T: Any>(self) -> Rc<T>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked #90850)

Downcasts the Rc<dyn Any> to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

Examples

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;
use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<dyn Any> = Rc::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

impl<T: ?Sized> Rc<T>

unsafe fn allocate_for_layout( value_layout: Layout, allocate: impl FnOnce(Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>, mem_to_rcbox: impl FnOnce(*mut u8) -> *mut RcBox<T> ) -> *mut RcBox<T>

Allocates an RcBox<T> with sufficient space for a possibly-unsized inner value where the value has the layout provided.

The function mem_to_rcbox is called with the data pointer and must return back a (potentially fat)-pointer for the RcBox<T>.

unsafe fn try_allocate_for_layout( value_layout: Layout, allocate: impl FnOnce(Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>, mem_to_rcbox: impl FnOnce(*mut u8) -> *mut RcBox<T> ) -> Result<*mut RcBox<T>, AllocError>

Allocates an RcBox<T> with sufficient space for a possibly-unsized inner value where the value has the layout provided, returning an error if allocation fails.

The function mem_to_rcbox is called with the data pointer and must return back a (potentially fat)-pointer for the RcBox<T>.

unsafe fn allocate_for_ptr(ptr: *const T) -> *mut RcBox<T>

Allocates an RcBox<T> with sufficient space for an unsized inner value

fn from_box(src: Box<T>) -> Rc<T>

impl<T> Rc<[T]>

unsafe fn allocate_for_slice(len: usize) -> *mut RcBox<[T]>

Allocates an RcBox<[T]> with the given length.

unsafe fn copy_from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Rc<[T]>

Copy elements from slice into newly allocated Rc<[T]>

Unsafe because the caller must either take ownership or bind T: Copy

unsafe fn from_iter_exact(iter: impl Iterator<Item = T>, len: usize) -> Rc<[T]>

Constructs an Rc<[T]> from an iterator known to be of a certain size.

Behavior is undefined should the size be wrong.

Trait Implementations

impl<T: ?Sized> AsRef<T> for Rc<T>

fn as_ref(&self) -> &T

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl<T: ?Sized> Borrow<T> for Rc<T>

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for Rc<T>

fn clone(&self) -> Rc<T>

Makes a clone of the Rc pointer.

This creates another pointer to the same allocation, increasing the strong reference count.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

let _ = Rc::clone(&five);

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for Rc<T>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T: Default> Default for Rc<T>

fn default() -> Rc<T>

Creates a new Rc<T>, with the Default value for T.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<i32> = Default::default();
assert_eq!(*x, 0);

impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for Rc<T>

type Target = T

The resulting type after dereferencing.

fn deref(&self) -> &T

Dereferences the value.

impl<T: ?Sized + Display> Display for Rc<T>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for Rc<T>

fn drop(&mut self)

Drops the Rc.

This will decrement the strong reference count. If the strong reference count reaches zero then the only other references (if any) are Weak, so we drop the inner value.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

struct Foo;

impl Drop for Foo {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        println!("dropped!");
    }
}

let foo  = Rc::new(Foo);
let foo2 = Rc::clone(&foo);

drop(foo);    // Doesn't print anything
drop(foo2);   // Prints "dropped!"

impl<T: ?Sized + Eq> Eq for Rc<T>

fn assert_receiver_is_total_eq(&self)

impl<T: Clone> From<&[T]> for Rc<[T]>

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Rc<[T]>

Allocate a reference-counted slice and fill it by cloning v’s items.

Example

let original: &[i32] = &[1, 2, 3];
let shared: Rc<[i32]> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);

impl From<&CStr> for Rc<CStr>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a &CStr into a Rc<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Rc.

impl From<&str> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: &str) -> Rc<str>

Allocate a reference-counted string slice and copy v into it.

Example

let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from("statue");
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);

impl<T: ?Sized> From<Box<T, Global>> for Rc<T>

fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Rc<T>

Move a boxed object to a new, reference counted, allocation.

Example

let original: Box<i32> = Box::new(1);
let shared: Rc<i32> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(1, *shared);

impl From<CString> for Rc<CStr>

fn from(s: CString) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a CString into an Rc<CStr> by moving the CString data into a new Rc buffer.

impl<'a, B> From<Cow<'a, B>> for Rc<B>where B: ToOwned + ?Sized, Rc<B>: From<&'a B> + From<B::Owned>,

fn from(cow: Cow<'a, B>) -> Rc<B>

Create a reference-counted pointer from a clone-on-write pointer by copying its content.

Example

let cow: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Borrowed("eggplant");
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(cow);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

impl From<Rc<str>> for Rc<[u8]>

fn from(rc: Rc<str>) -> Self

Converts a reference-counted string slice into a byte slice.

Example

let string: Rc<str> = Rc::from("eggplant");
let bytes: Rc<[u8]> = Rc::from(string);
assert_eq!("eggplant".as_bytes(), bytes.as_ref());

impl From<String> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: String) -> Rc<str>

Allocate a reference-counted string slice and copy v into it.

Example

let original: String = "statue".to_owned();
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);

impl<T> From<T> for Rc<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Self

Converts a generic type T into an Rc<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Example

let x = 5;
let rc = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Rc::from(x), rc);

impl<T> From<Vec<T, Global>> for Rc<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Rc<[T]>

Allocate a reference-counted slice and move v’s items into it.

Example

let original: Box<Vec<i32>> = Box::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
let shared: Rc<Vec<i32>> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3], *shared);

impl<T> FromIterator<T> for Rc<[T]>

fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Self

Takes each element in the Iterator and collects it into an Rc<[T]>.

Performance characteristics

The general case

In the general case, collecting into Rc<[T]> is done by first collecting into a Vec<T>. That is, when writing the following:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0).collect();

this behaves as if we wrote:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0)
    .collect::<Vec<_>>() // The first set of allocations happens here.
    .into(); // A second allocation for `Rc<[T]>` happens here.

This will allocate as many times as needed for constructing the Vec<T> and then it will allocate once for turning the Vec<T> into the Rc<[T]>.

Iterators of known length

When your Iterator implements TrustedLen and is of an exact size, a single allocation will be made for the Rc<[T]>. For example:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).collect(); // Just a single allocation happens here.

impl<T: ?Sized + Hash> Hash for Rc<T>

fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H)

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl<T: ?Sized + Ord> Ord for Rc<T>

fn cmp(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> Ordering

Comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling cmp() on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Ordering::Less, five.cmp(&Rc::new(6)));

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Selfwhere Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Selfwhere Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Selfwhere Self: Sized + PartialOrd<Self>,

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> PartialEq<Rc<T>> for Rc<T>

fn eq(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

Equality for two Rcs.

Two Rcs are equal if their inner values are equal, even if they are stored in different allocation.

If T also implements Eq (implying reflexivity of equality), two Rcs that point to the same allocation are always equal.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five == Rc::new(5));

fn ne(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

Inequality for two Rcs.

Two Rcs are not equal if their inner values are not equal.

If T also implements Eq (implying reflexivity of equality), two Rcs that point to the same allocation are always equal.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five != Rc::new(6));

impl<T: ?Sized + PartialOrd> PartialOrd<Rc<T>> for Rc<T>

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> Option<Ordering>

Partial comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling partial_cmp() on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Some(Ordering::Less), five.partial_cmp(&Rc::new(6)));

fn lt(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

Less-than comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling < on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five < Rc::new(6));

fn le(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

‘Less than or equal to’ comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling <= on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five <= Rc::new(5));

fn gt(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

Greater-than comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling > on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five > Rc::new(4));

fn ge(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

‘Greater than or equal to’ comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling >= on their inner values.

Examples

use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five >= Rc::new(5));

impl<T: ?Sized> Pointer for Rc<T>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> RcEqIdent<T> for Rc<T>

default fn eq(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

default fn ne(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

impl<T: ?Sized + MarkerEq> RcEqIdent<T> for Rc<T>

We’re doing this specialization here, and not as a more general optimization on &T, because it would otherwise add a cost to all equality checks on refs. We assume that Rcs are used to store large values, that are slow to clone, but also heavy to check for equality, causing this cost to pay off more easily. It’s also more likely to have two Rc clones, that point to the same value, than two &Ts.

We can only do this when T: Eq as a PartialEq might be deliberately irreflexive.

fn eq(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

fn ne(&self, other: &Rc<T>) -> bool

impl<T: Clone> RcFromSlice<T> for Rc<[T]>

default fn from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Self

impl<T: Copy> RcFromSlice<T> for Rc<[T]>

fn from_slice(v: &[T]) -> Self

impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Rc<[T]>> for Rc<[T; N]>

type Error = Rc<[T]>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(boxed_slice: Rc<[T]>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<Rc<U>> for Rc<T>

impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> DispatchFromDyn<Rc<U>> for Rc<T>

impl<T: RefUnwindSafe + ?Sized> RefUnwindSafe for Rc<T>

impl<T: ?Sized> !Send for Rc<T>

impl<T: ?Sized> !Sync for Rc<T>

impl<T: ?Sized> Unpin for Rc<T>

impl<T: RefUnwindSafe + ?Sized> UnwindSafe for Rc<T>