Struct std::alloc::Global

pub struct Global;

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

The global memory allocator.

This type implements the Allocator trait by forwarding calls to the allocator registered with the #[global_allocator] attribute if there is one, or the std crate’s default.

Note: while this type is unstable, the functionality it provides can be accessed through the free functions in alloc.

Implementations

impl Global

impl<T> Box<T, Global>

pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T, Global>

Allocates memory on the heap and then places x into it.

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

let five = Box::new(5);

pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, Global>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>, Global>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::new_zeroed();
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)

pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T, Global>>

Constructs a new Pin<Box<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then x will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

Constructing and pinning of the Box can also be done in two steps: Box::pin(x) does the same as Box::into_pin(Box::new(x)). Consider using into_pin if you already have a Box<T>, or if you want to construct a (pinned) Box in a different way than with Box::new.

pub fn try_new(x: T) -> Result<Box<T, Global>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Allocates memory on the heap then places x into it, returning an error if the allocation fails

This doesn’t actually allocate if T is zero-sized.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api)]

let five = Box::try_new(5)?;

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, Global>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents on the heap, returning an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    five.as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5);

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Box<MaybeUninit<T>, Global>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new Box with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes on the heap

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

let zero = Box::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);

impl<T> Box<[T], Global>

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], Global>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);

    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], Global>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit #63291)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(new_uninit)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])

pub fn try_new_uninit_slice( len: usize ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], Global>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents. Returns an error if the allocation fails

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

let mut values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_uninit_slice(3)?;
let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    values[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    values[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    values[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);
    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3]);

pub fn try_new_zeroed_slice( len: usize ) -> Result<Box<[MaybeUninit<T>], Global>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Constructs a new boxed slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes. Returns an error if the allocation fails

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

Examples

#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

let values = Box::<[u32]>::try_new_zeroed_slice(3)?;
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0]);

impl<T> Box<T, Global>where T: ?Sized,

pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Box<T, Global>

Constructs a box from a raw pointer.

After calling this function, the raw pointer is owned by the resulting Box. Specifically, the Box destructor will call the destructor of T and free the allocated memory. For this to be safe, the memory must have been allocated in accordance with the memory layout used by Box .

Safety

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. For example, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on the same raw pointer.

The safety conditions are described in the memory layout section.

Examples

Recreate a Box which was previously converted to a raw pointer using Box::into_raw:

let x = Box::new(5);
let ptr = Box::into_raw(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr) };

Manually create a Box from scratch by using the global allocator:

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};

unsafe {
    let ptr = alloc(Layout::new::<i32>()) as *mut i32;
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `ptr`, though for this
    // simple example `*ptr = 5` would have worked as well.
    ptr.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_raw(ptr);
}

Trait Implementations

impl Allocator for Global

fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Attempts to allocate a block of memory.

fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Behaves like allocate, but also ensures that the returned memory is zero-initialized.

unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Deallocates the memory referenced by ptr.

unsafe fn grow( &self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, old_layout: Layout, new_layout: Layout ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Attempts to extend the memory block.

unsafe fn grow_zeroed( &self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, old_layout: Layout, new_layout: Layout ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Behaves like grow, but also ensures that the new contents are set to zero before being returned.

unsafe fn shrink( &self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, old_layout: Layout, new_layout: Layout ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Attempts to shrink the memory block.

fn by_ref(&self) -> &Selfwhere Self: Sized,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api #32838)

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of Allocator.

impl<S> AsyncIterator for Box<S, Global>where S: AsyncIterator + Unpin + ?Sized,

type Item = <S as AsyncIterator>::Item

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator #79024)

The type of items yielded by the async iterator.

fn poll_next( self: Pin<&mut Box<S, Global>>, cx: &mut Context<'_> ) -> Poll<Option<<Box<S, Global> as AsyncIterator>::Item>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator #79024)

Attempt to pull out the next value of this async iterator, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available, and returning None if the async iterator is exhausted.

fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (async_iterator #79024)

Returns the bounds on the remaining length of the async iterator.

impl Clone for Box<CStr, Global>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<CStr, Global>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Box<str, Global>

fn clone(&self) -> Box<str, Global>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Clone for Global

fn clone(&self) -> Global

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Global

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<T> Default for Box<[T], Global>

fn default() -> Box<[T], Global>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Default for Box<CStr, Global>

fn default() -> Box<CStr, Global>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<T> Default for Box<T, Global>where T: Default,

fn default() -> Box<T, Global>

Creates a Box<T>, with the Default value for T.

impl Default for Box<str, Global>

fn default() -> Box<str, Global>

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Default for Global

fn default() -> Global

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl<T> Error for Box<T, Global>where T: Error,

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0: use the Display impl or to_string()

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

The lower-level source of this error, if any.

fn type_id(&self, _: Internal) -> TypeIdwhere Self: 'static,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_type_id #60784)

Gets the TypeId of self.

fn provide<'a>(&'a self, demand: &mut Demand<'a>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access #99301)

Provides type based access to context intended for error reports.

impl<T> From<&[T]> for Box<[T], Global>where T: Clone,

fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T], Global>

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice and its contents.

Examples

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

impl From<&CStr> for Box<CStr, Global>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Box<CStr, Global>

Converts a &CStr into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Box.

impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error, Global>

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error, Global>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<&str> for Box<str, Global>

fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str, Global>

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples

let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{boxed}");

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T], Global>

fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T], Global>

Converts a [T; N] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.

Examples

let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
println!("{boxed:?}");

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr, Global>

fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr, Global>

Converts a CString into a Box<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl<T> From<Cow<'_, [T]>> for Box<[T], Global>where T: Clone,

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Box<[T], Global>

Converts a Cow<'_, [T]> into a Box<[T]>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying slice. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned Vec’s allocation.

impl From<Cow<'_, CStr>> for Box<CStr, Global>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, CStr>) -> Box<CStr, Global>

Converts a Cow<'a, CStr> into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

impl From<Cow<'_, str>> for Box<str, Global>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, str>) -> Box<str, Global>

Converts a Cow<'_, str> into a Box<str>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying str. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned String’s allocation.

Examples

use std::borrow::Cow;

let unboxed = Cow::Borrowed("hello");
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

let unboxed = Cow::Owned("hello".to_string());
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error, Global>

fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error, Global>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a, Global>where E: Error + 'a,

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a, Global>

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>where E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a,

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>

Converts a type of Error + Send + Sync into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

unsafe impl Send for AnError {}

unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send, Global>

fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send, Global>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error, Global>

fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error, Global>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for Box<str, Global>

fn from(s: String) -> Box<str, Global>

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T, Global>

fn from(t: T) -> Box<T, Global>

Converts a T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Examples

let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

impl<I> FromIterator<I> for Box<[I], Global>

fn from_iter<T>(iter: T) -> Box<[I], Global>where T: IntoIterator<Item = I>,

Creates a value from an iterator.

impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Box<[T], Global>> for Box<[T; N], Global>

fn try_from( boxed_slice: Box<[T], Global> ) -> Result<Box<[T; N], Global>, <Box<[T; N], Global> as TryFrom<Box<[T], Global>>>::Error>

Attempts to convert a Box<[T]> into a Box<[T; N]>.

The conversion occurs in-place and does not require a new memory allocation.

Errors

Returns the old Box<[T]> in the Err variant if boxed_slice.len() does not equal N.

type Error = Box<[T], Global>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Vec<T, Global>> for Box<[T; N], Global>

fn try_from( vec: Vec<T, Global> ) -> Result<Box<[T; N], Global>, <Box<[T; N], Global> as TryFrom<Vec<T, Global>>>::Error>

Attempts to convert a Vec<T> into a Box<[T; N]>.

Like Vec::into_boxed_slice, this is in-place if vec.capacity() == N, but will require a reallocation otherwise.

Errors

Returns the original Vec<T> in the Err variant if boxed_slice.len() does not equal N.

Examples

This can be used with vec! to create an array on the heap:

let state: Box<[f32; 100]> = vec![1.0; 100].try_into().unwrap();
assert_eq!(state.len(), 100);

type Error = Vec<T, Global>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

impl Copy for Global

impl<T, U> DispatchFromDyn<Box<U, Global>> for Box<T, Global>where T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized, U: ?Sized,